A demonstration that a quantum computer can perform a specific computation faster than any classical computer — the milestone Google claimed in 2019 with Sycamore, though for a contrived benchmark task rather than a practical problem.
Quantum Supremacy (also called Quantum Advantage) is the threshold where quantum hardware demonstrably outperforms classical for some task — proving the quantum computational model is real. Google's 2019 announcement involved a 53-qubit Sycamore processor sampling from a random circuit in 200 seconds that they estimated would take a classical supercomputer 10,000 years (estimates later challenged). The task was deliberately contrived — useful 'quantum utility' on practical problems remains an active research area.
Google's 2019 Sycamore experiment sampling from a 53-qubit random circuit in 200 seconds — the first widely accepted Quantum Supremacy claim, despite being a benchmark-only task.
Quantum Supremacy was the proof-of-physics milestone; 'quantum utility' or 'quantum advantage on useful problems' is the more meaningful milestone industry now tracks.
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